[137] Approximately 230 Israelis were injured. People tend to remember Desert Storm as a short, easy warand compared with the "forever" wars that followed, that makes sense: a 100-hour ground war blip in the annals of history. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [259] Disputed amounts of people were also killed during the Iraqi rocket attacks on Israel. Early on the morning of January 17, 1991, a massive U.S.-led air offensive hit Iraq's air defenses, moving swiftly on to its communications networks, weapons plants, oil refineries and more. The increased importance of air attacks from both coalition warplanes and cruise missiles led to controversy over the number of civilian deaths caused during Desert Storm's initial stages. Approaching the 30th anniversary of Operation Desert Storm, airpower enthusiasts will undoubtedly crow about airpower's key role in the coalition's swift victory, and not without reason. [316] Osama bin Laden interpreted the Islamic prophet Muhammad as banning the "permanent presence of infidels in Arabia". [264] The UK suffered 47 deaths (nine to friendly fire, all by US forces), France nine,[264] and the other countries, not including Kuwait, suffered 37 deaths (18 Saudis, one Egyptian, six UAE and three Qataris). [citation needed], Soon after his conquest of Kuwait, Saddam began verbally attacking the Saudis. There were certainly a lot of dead vehicles, but not so many dead Iraqis. However, when no US support came, Iraqi generals remained loyal to Saddam and brutally crushed the Kurdish uprising and the uprising in the south. Baker then moved to enter talks with Egypt, whose leadership he considered "the moderate voice of the Middle East". Once the allies had penetrated deep into Iraqi territory, they turned eastward, launching a flank attack against the elite Republican Guard before it could escape. The Iraqis fiercely resisted, and the Americans eventually withdrew as planned back into the Wadi al-Batin. [280], 190 coalition troops were killed by Iraqi combatants, the rest of the 379 coalition deaths were from friendly fire or accidents. The Kuwaitis quickly liberated the city despite losing one soldier and having one plane shot down. , [160] On 18 February Iraqi mortar positions continued to conduct fire missions against the Task Force. Following the war's end, Australia deployed a medical unit on Operation Habitat to northern Iraq as part of Operation Provide Comfort. "[260] The exact number of Iraqi combat casualties is unknown, but is believed to have been heavy. [336] The series' first program War, Oil and Power[337] was compiled and released in 1990, before the war broke out. Iraqi forces in Khafji had 60300 dead and 400 captured. [253], During the nationwide uprisings against the Ba'athist Iraqi government that directly followed the end of the Gulf War in March and April, an estimated 25,000 to 100,000 Iraqis were killed, overwhelmingly civilians. The British had their full contingent of engineer, logistics, and medical units. [82], A key element of US political, military and energy economic planning occurred in early 1984. [319][320][321], The draining of the Qurna Marshes was an irrigation project in Iraq during and immediately after the war, to drain a large area of marshes in the TigrisEuphrates river system. Formerly covering an area of around 3,000km2 (1,200sqmi), the large complex of wetlands were nearly emptied of water, and the local Shi'ite population relocated, following the war and 1991 uprisings. The Dutch Defense Ministry later stated that the military use of the Patriot missile system was largely ineffective, but its psychological value for the affected populations was high. [citation needed], A day after the deadline set in Resolution 678, the coalition launched a massive air campaign, which began the general offensive codenamed Operation Desert Storm. The station was short-lived, ending shortly after President Bush declared the ceasefire and Kuwait's liberation. The battle featured the "Reveille Engagement" which went on to become the largest tank battle in United States Marine Corps' entire history. Reporters were banned from witnessing the attack, near the neutral zone that touches the border between Saudi Arabia and Iraq. A banner with Saddam Hussein's face was hung on one of the walls. A 1991 report by Middle East Watch said that at least one Saudi civilian was killed after they were hit by Iraqi shelling in Riyadh. Chuck Horner, Commander of US and allied air operations, has written: [By February 26], the Iraqis totally lost heart and started to evacuate occupied Kuwait, but airpower halted the caravan of Iraqi Army and plunderers fleeing toward Basra. This movement's left flank was protected by the French Division Daguet. [64], It was revealed during Saddam Hussein's 2003-2004 interrogation following his capture that in addition to economic disputes, an insulting exchange between the Kuwaiti emir Al Sabah and the Iraqi foreign minister - during which Saddam claimed that the emir stated his intention to turn "every Iraqi woman into a $10 prostitute" by bankrupting the country - was a decisive factor in triggering the Iraqi invasion.[65]. 19901991 war between Iraq and American-led coalition forces, This article is about the conflict against Iraq in 19901991. [142], Coalition air forces were also extensively exercised in "Scud hunts" in the Iraqi desert, trying to locate the camouflaged trucks before they fired their missiles at Israel or Saudi Arabia. Allied strikes thoroughly broke up the Iraqi air defenses, and the decoys weren`t used after the war`s first . However, Iraqi air defenses shot down nine US aircraft. [238] Operating on the left flank of the US XVIII Airborne Corps, the French Army force was the Division Daguet, including troops from the French Foreign Legion. And the final point that I think needs to be made is this question of casualties. The Italian Air Force recorded the loss of a single aircraft in the gulf war. President Mubarak of Egypt was furious with Saddam for his invasion of Kuwait, and for the fact that Saddam had assured Mubarak that an invasion was not his intention. [339], The following names have been used to describe the conflict itself: Some estimate that Iraq sustained between 20,000 and 35,000 fatalities. It was also feared that if Israel used Syrian or Jordanian airspace to attack Iraq, they would intervene in the war on Iraq's side or attack Israel. For other conflicts with the same name, see, "Desert Storm" redirects here. [citation needed], The US Patriot missile was used in combat for the first time. [157] On 17 February 1991 the Task Force took enemy mortar fire, but the enemy forces managed to escape. [343], The role of Iraq's Scud missiles featured prominently in the war. Kuwaiti democracy advocates had been calling for restoration of Parliament that the Emir had suspended in 1986. [226] By nightfall, the 101st cut off Highway 8 which was a vital supply line running between Basra and the Iraqi forces. [181] Its primary full strength fighting formations were the 1st Armored Division (United States), the 3rd Armored Division (United States) and the 1st Infantry Division (United States). The Saudi government issued all its citizens and expatriates with gas masks in the event of Iraq using missiles with warheads containing chemical weapons. [155] On 16 February 1991 several groups of Iraqi vehicles appeared to be performing reconnaissance on the Task Force and were driven away by fire from 43 FA. The commander of a Kuwaiti armored battalion, 35th Armoured Brigade, deployed them against the Iraqi attack and conducted a robust defense at the Battle of the Bridges near Al Jahra, west of Kuwait City. [191] Marine armor units mostly consisted of the older M-60 tank. menu Imagine a surrealistic painting by Salvador Dal". From 1991 until 2003, the effects of government policy and sanctions regime led to hyperinflation, widespread poverty and malnutrition. We understand that and our opinion is that you should have the opportunity to rebuild your country. [189] The U.S. Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II ground attack aircraft would distinguish itself during the Gulf War, inflicting significant damage on Iraqi ground forces. (The full declassified presentation can be seen here:[83]) The conclusions were threefold: first, oil stocks needed to be increased among members of the International Energy Agency and, if necessary, released early if the oil market was disrupted; second, the United States needed to beef up the security of friendly Arab states in the region; and third, an embargo should be placed on sales of military equipment to Iran and Iraq. The operations were designed to prevent any possible Israeli intervention. ", 23 June 1991, Washington Post, Bart Gellman, "The View From France: America's Unyielding Policy toward Iraq,". [196] The U.S.M.C. However, it paved the way for the later introduction of Radio Five Live. Several times Iraqi mortars fired on Task Force 1-41 Infantry positions. We cruised at speeds over 100. They were 24 states, comprising most of the OECD countries plus some Gulf states: Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Kuwait. p.323 ISBN 0671791656. News World Order[338] was the title of another program in the series; it focused on the media's complicity in promoting the war, as well as Americans' reactions to the media coverage. [citation needed], The U.S. Marine Corps was represented by the 1st Marine Division and the 2nd Marine Division. pubars party desert storm drones [citation needed] On 17 January 1991 the 101st Airborne Division Aviation Regiment fired the first shots of the war when eight AH-64 helicopters successfully destroyed two Iraqi early warning radar sites. After the war, Saddam felt he should not have to repay the loans due to the help he had given the Saudis by fighting Iran. [177][178] The battles at 73 Easting, Norfolk, and Medina Ridge are well noted for their historical significance. In a US bid to open full diplomatic relations with Iraq, the country was removed from the US list of State Sponsors of Terrorism. [212] The Iraqi 52nd Armored Division was also a primary participant. The bulk of the coalition's military power was from the United States, with Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and Egypt as the largest lead-up contributors, in that order; Saudi Arabia and the Kuwaiti government-in-exile paid around US$32billion of the US$60billion cost to mobilize the coalition against Iraq.[31]. They took 500 prisoners and inflicted heavy losses, defeating Iraq's 26th Infantry Division. [162] Iraqi reconnaissance elements continued to patrol the area between the Task Force and the 1st Cavalry Division. [89][84][90] Resolution 665[85] followed soon after, which authorized a naval blockade to enforce the sanctions. [citation needed], Alternative media outlets provided views opposing the war. Desert Shield/Desert Storm was one of the most dramatic military operations in recent history and the first U.S. war fought after World War II outside the context of the Cold War struggle.It also was the first major modern campaign fought by an all-volunteer U.S. force. [268], The number of coalition wounded in combat was 776, including 458 Americans. Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq, Kuwait, and areas straddling the IraqSaudi Arabia border. [300] After the incident, the commander of the 1st Brigade said: "I know burying people like that sounds pretty nasty, but it would be even nastier if we had to put our troops in the trenches and clean them out with bayonets. The Iraqis resisted fiercely from dug-in positions and stationary vehicles, and even mounted armored charges. [citation needed] The air campaign was commanded by USAF Lieutenant General Chuck Horner, who briefly served as US Central Command's Commander-in-Chief Forward while General Schwarzkopf was still in the US. [79][80][81] The Kuwaiti resistance's casualty rate far exceeded that of the coalition military forces and Western hostages. By contrast, GWS was inversely associated with higher levels of the type Q isozyme, which is more efficient at breaking down sarin than its type R counterpart. Iraq also looked to increase arms production so as to become an exporter, although the success of these projects was also restrained by Iraq's obligations; in Iraq, resentment to OPEC's controls mounted. Iraqi missile barrages aimed at coalition targets stationed in Saudi Arabia were also largely unsuccessful, and on 24 February 1991, the coalition launched a major ground assault into Iraqi-occupied Kuwait. [152] Task Force 2-16 continued the attack clearing over 21km (13mi) of entrenched enemy positions resulting in the capture and destruction of numerous enemy vehicles, equipment, personnel and command bunkers. Studies dispute the number of people who died in south and central Iraq during the years of the sanctions. [223] However, an Iraqi unit at Kuwait International Airport appeared not to have received the message and fiercely resisted. [64], On 26 July 1990, only a few days before the Iraqi invasion, OPEC officials said that Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates had agreed to a proposal to limit their oil output to 1.5million barrels (240,000m3) per day, "down from the nearly 2 million barrels a day they had each been pumping," thus potentially settling differences over oil policy between Kuwait and Iraq.[68]. The Bitburg contingent was based at Al Kharj Air Base, approximately an hour south east of Riyadh. [95] Following the first attacks, Israeli Air Force jets were deployed to patrol the northern airspace with Iraq. Sun Pacific Power Corp; Street Smart Outdoor; MedRecycler By February 27, talk had turned toward terminating the hostilities. Marine Task Force Ripper destroyed about 100 Iraqi tanks and armored personnel carriers, including T-72 tanks. [169] The same day the 2nd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division with the 1st Battalion, 5th Cavalry, 1st Battalion, 32nd Armor, and the 1st Battalion, 8th Cavalry destroyed Iraqi bunkers and combat vehicles in the sector of the Iraqi 25th Infantry Division. [citation needed], The details of the Hill & Knowlton public relations campaign, including the incubator testimony, were published in John R. MacArthur's Second Front: Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War,[123] and came to wide public attention when an Op-ed by MacArthur was published in The New York Times. [231], In the North, Kurdish leaders took American statements that they would support an uprising to heart, and began fighting, hoping to trigger a coup d'tat. Patrice O'Shaughness. In August 1990, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney committed the Canadian Forces to deploy a Naval Task Group. [58] The UK also condemned the execution of Farzad Bazoft, a journalist working for the British newspaper The Observer. [49] Iraq's debts to Kuwait amounted to $14billion. The first stop was Saudi Arabia, which a month before had already granted permission to the United States to use its facilities. One Iraqi soldier, who had fought in the IranIraq War, remarked that his brigade "had sustained more punishment from allied airpower in 30 minutes at Khafji than in eight years of fighting against Iran. [citation needed] These vehicles and the retreating soldiers were subsequently attacked by two A-10 aircraft, resulting in a 60 kilometres (37mi) stretch of highway strewn with debristhe Highway of Death. '"[263], The US Department of Defense reports that US forces suffered 148 battle-related deaths (35 to friendly fire[277]), with one pilot listed as MIA (his remains were found and identified in August 2009). [207] The British 1st Armoured Division destroyed or isolated four Iraqi infantry divisions (the 26th, 48th, 31st, and 25th) and overran the Iraqi 52nd Armored Division in several sharp engagements. The European Community offered $2billion[clarification needed] in assistance. [187], The primary combat vehicles of the American divisions were the M1A1 Abrams tank and the Bradley Fighting Vehicle. The missiles were fired at both military and civilian targets. [326], The Kuwaiti oil fires were caused by the Iraqi military setting fire to 700 oil wells as part of a scorched earth policy while retreating from Kuwait in 1991 after conquering the country but being driven out by coalition forces. [66], I know you need funds. [178] The U.S. 3rd Armored Division also fought a significant battle at Objective Dorset not far from where the Battle of Norfolk was taking place. [206][207] After 48 hours of combat the British 1st Armoured Division destroyed or isolated four Iraqi . [179] It was a formidable fighting force consisting of 1,487 tanks, 1,384 infantry fighting vehicles, 568 artillery pieces, 132 MLRS, 8 missile launchers, and 242 attack helicopters. [323] It was reported as a deliberate natural resources attack to keep US Marines from coming ashore (Missouri and Wisconsin had shelled Failaka Island during the war to reinforce the idea that there would be an amphibious assault attempt). Deep Dish Television compiled segments from independent producers in the US and abroad, and produced a 10-hour series that was distributed internationally, called The Gulf Crisis TV Project. [232] Millions of Kurds fled across the mountains to Turkey and Kurdish areas of Iran. In January, the Division was placed under the tactical control of the XVIII Airborne Corps. [86] The Arab states of Yemen and Jordan a Western ally which bordered Iraq and relied on the country for economic support[87] opposed military intervention from non-Arab states. [76], The main Iraqi thrust into Kuwait City was conducted by commandos deployed by helicopters and boats to attack the city from the sea, while other divisions seized the airports and two airbases. [285], The US military used depleted uranium in tank kinetic energy penetrators and 2030mm (0.791.18in) cannon ordnance. [20] It is estimated that Iraqi forces suffered 20,000-50,000 troops killed during combat operations. This publication, called the Riegle Report, summarized testimony this committee had received establishing that the U.S. had in the 1980s supplied Saddam Hussein with chemical and biological warfare technology, that Saddam had used such chemical weapons against Iran and his own native Kurds, and possibly against U.S. soldiers as well, plausibly contributing to the GWS. [230], One hundred hours after the ground campaign started, on 28 February, President Bush declared a ceasefire, and he also declared that Kuwait had been liberated. Specifically, he called for Israel to withdraw from occupied territories in Palestine, Syria, and Lebanon, Syria to withdraw from Lebanon, and "mutual withdrawals by Iraq and Iran and arrangement for the situation in Kuwait." [224][failed verification], The war's ground phase was officially designated Operation Desert Saber. The operation began on 7 August 1990, when US troops were sent to Saudi Arabia, due also to the request of its monarch, King Fahd, who had earlier called for US military assistance. "[67] Glaspie similarly believed that war was not imminent. '"[97], On 29 November 1990, the Security Council passed Resolution 678, which gave Iraq until 15 January 1991 to withdraw from Kuwait, and empowered states to use "all necessary means" to force Iraq out of Kuwait after the deadline. [340] Liberation of Kuwait (Arabic: ) (tarr al-kuwayt) is the term used by Kuwait and most of the coalition's Arab states, including Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Egypt, and the United Arab Emirates. [169] One artillery mission struck a series of Iraqi bunkers, reinforced by Iraqi T-55 tanks, in the sector of the Iraqi 25th Infantry Division. [333][334][335], The war's coverage was new in its immediacy. [citation needed], Global Positioning System (GPS) units were relatively new at the time and were important in enabling coalition units to easily navigate across the desert. [citation needed], The United Kingdom committed the largest contingent of any European state that participated in the war's combat operations. [citation needed], In the United Kingdom, the BBC devoted the FM broadcast portion of its national talk radio station BBC Radio 4 to an 18-hour rolling news format called Radio 4 News FM. [161], Task Force 1-41 Infantry was the first coalition force to breach the Saudi Arabian border on 15 February 1991 and conduct ground combat operations in Iraq engaging in direct and indirect fire fights with the enemy on 17 February 1991. [77] At the same time, Saddam Hussein made the Kuwaiti dinar equal to the Iraqi dinar, thereby lowering the Kuwaiti currency to one-twelfth of its original value. Additionally, he requested an "immediate freeze of all boycott and siege decisions" and a general normalization of relations with Iraq. [93] Also, when US Secretary of State James Baker met with Tariq Aziz in Geneva, Switzerland, for last minute peace talks in early 1991, Aziz reportedly made no concrete proposals and did not outline any hypothetical Iraqi moves. pubars party desert storm drones pubars party desert storm drones on January 19, 2023 on January 19, 2023 Petra imonky", "Kuwait hopes for answers on its Gulf War POWs", "Gulf War Veterans' Medically Unexplained Illnesses", "Evaluation of a GeneEnvironment Interaction of PON1 and Low-Level Nerve Agent Exposure with Gulf War Illness: A Prevalence CaseControl Study Drawn from the U.S. Military Health Survey's National Population Sample", National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, "UTSW genetic study confirms sarin nerve gas as cause of Gulf War illness", Iraqis Trace Surge in Cancer to US Bombings, Iraqi cancers, birth defects blamed on U.S. depleted uranium, "Depleted Uranium: The Horrific Legacy of Basra", "Doctor's Gulf War Studies Link Cancer to Depleted Uranium", "Teratogenicity of depleted uranium aerosols: A review from an epidemiological perspective", "An Analysis of Uranium Dispersal and Health Effects Using a Gulf War Case Study", "The massacre of withdrawing Soldieers on the highway of death", "Iraqis Buried Alive U.S. However, Baker believed that Saudi Arabia should assume some of the cost of the military efforts to defend it. This was the first time since the Korean War that Canada's military had participated in offensive combat operations. In nearly two days of some of the war's most intense fighting, the British destroyed 40 enemy tanks and captured a division commander. We place it where we want our friends to be and we try to be friends. Iraq also had a number of grievances with Saudi Arabia. [100], On 14 January 1991, France proposed that the UN Security Council call for "a rapid and massive withdrawal" from Kuwait along with a statement to Iraq that Council members would bring their "active contribution" to a settlement of the region's other problems, "in particular, of the ArabIsraeli conflict and in particular to the Palestinian problem by convening, at an appropriate moment, an international conference" to assure "the security, stability and development of this region of the world." In their co-written 1998 book, A World Transformed, Bush and Brent Scowcroft argued that such a course would have fractured the alliance, and would have had many unnecessary political and human costs associated with it. [242], Canada was one of the first countries to condemn Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, and it quickly agreed to join the US-led coalition. Most of the press information came from briefings organized by the military. [261] This analysis is based on Iraqi prisoner of war reports. For other uses, see, "Operation Desert Shield" redirects here. [171] Once into Iraqi territory Task Force 1-41 Infantry encountered multiple Iraqi defensive positions and bunkers. [227], Shortly afterwards, the US VII Corps, in full strength and spearheaded by the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment, launched an armored attack into Iraq early on 24 February, just to the west of Kuwait, surprising Iraqi forces. At the conference, Iraq was authorized to fly armed helicopters on their side of the temporary border, ostensibly for government transit due to the damage done to civilian infrastructure. These systems provided essential communications links between air, ground, and naval forces. Moments later, Brokaw announced to his viewers that the air attack had begun. In the end, however, many governments were persuaded by Iraq's belligerence towards other Arab states, offers of economic aid or debt forgiveness, and threats to withhold aid. [citation needed], A British Challenger 1 achieved the longest range confirmed tank kill of the war, destroying an Iraqi tank with an armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding-sabot (APFSDS) round fired over 4,700 metres (2.9mi)the longest tank-on-tank kill shot recorded. , Iraqi air defenses, and even mounted armored charges and areas straddling the Arabia. 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